Ancient Ghana, Mali, Songhai and Kongo created a commercial climate as competitive, profit driven and expansionist as any state in Europe. Was this Africa's Golden Age? Did Malians beat Columbus ...

Ancient Ghana, Mali, Songhai and Kongo created a commercial climate as competitive, profit driven and expansionist as any state in Europe. Was this Africa's Golden Age? Did Malians beat Columbus ...

The exhibition suggests that the answers can be found by exploring the art of African civilizations from Egypt to the kingdoms of Nubia and Kush, Benin, Congo, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Zulu, Asante, Lori ...

The 15th century also saw the rise of the Songhai ... Africa’s kingdoms to defeat Ghana’s king, Sumanguru. He then began to conquer more land in the area, calling his new kingdom the Mali ...

Despite robust evidence of advanced African kingdoms—such as Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Benin, and Great Zimbabwe—European narratives persistently minimized these achievements. Basil Davidson’s ...