Valence electrons with quantum properties are also expected to exhibit emergent phenomena, making these crystals essential for studying novel material functionalities. However, the extent to which ...

Understanding chorus waves is vital, as they create fast-moving, highly energetic electrons (known as killer electrons) that ...

1). In the n-type layer, there is an excess of electrons, and in the p-type layer, there is an excess of positively charged holes (which are vacancies due to the lack of valence electrons). Near the ...