But when an aircraft exceeds the speed of sound ... the front and sides of the plane, like water in a bow wave. This results in a shock wave of pressurized air molecules, which form a cone ...

While the analysis of data was underway, a bow shock event that occurred on December 17, 2017, caught researchers’ attention. A bow shock is a shockwave that forms when fast-moving solar wind ...

During this event, electrons in Earth's foreshock region—an area where the solar wind is predisturbed by its interaction with the bow shock—reached unprecedented energy levels, surpassing 500 keV.