C rust and lithospheric mantle—the thinnest and thickest layers of the Earth's lithosphere—and a wide range of dynamic processes that deform them can be studied by using high precision ...

Earthquakes occur when the rock on one side of a fault slips relative to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, ...

The plates make up Earth's outer shell, called the lithosphere. (This includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.) Churning currents in the molten rocks below propel them along like a ...

Professor Iain Stewart explains how the temperature of the earth is affected by its orbit round the sun, and the tilt of its axis. This was a theory put forward by James Croll. Professor Stewart ...