The elements that lie between group 2 and group 13 are ... We find that it is the 4s orbital electrons that are ionised first before the 3d orbitals. We have to conclude that, ironically for the ...

However, the extent to which valence electrons in molecular crystals contribute to magnetism remains unclear, leaving their quantum properties insufficiently explored.

A group of researchers from Ehime University investigated valence electron configurations using light, expanding on prior studies of superconductors and quantum spin liquids. The findings were ...