In time, they took a proto-monetary signification of esteem. But it was in southern Mesopotamia that money became formalized as a measure of valuation, simultaneously for domestic agrarian and ...

Researchers investigating how the first writing arose identified the motifs on preliterate "cylinder seals" used in the trade of agricultural products and textiles.

Foreign trade was necessary to obtain raw materials ... and also slaves captured from the mountains surrounding Mesopotamia. (A typical word for slave was “mountain girl.”) ...

The Magan civilisation, often associated with the region of modern-day Oman, played a significant role in the trade networks ...