Savvas Raptis of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory ... with various plasma waves, transient structures in the foreshock, and Earth's bow shock. All of those mechanisms ...

These shock waves are one of nature's most powerful particle ... Savvas Raptis of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, in the U.S., and in collaboration with Northumbria ...

The mathematics of hypersonic flight primarily involves fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and gas dynamics, particularly ...

However, there’s a catch. Before electrons can be accelerated by these shock waves, they need to contain a certain amount of energy to begin with. Nobody knows how electrons gain this initial energy.

These shock waves are one of nature's most powerful particle ... led by Dr Savvas Raptis of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, in the USA, and in collaboration with ...

Those explosions are called coronal mass ejections, and when they're fast enough, they can create shock waves. "As they fly out from the sun, they interact with charged particles along the way.