Zinkernagel asserts that “if an unprimed host survives an initial infection, the host does not really need immunological memory to survive the second infection” 3. This conclusion is based ...

Collectively, therefore, protective immunological memory may depend largely on persistent or reencountered antigen that keeps sufficient effector T cells activated and sufficient B cells maturing ...

Due to immunological memory, past environmental exposures shape present immune function. These exposures do not only include factors that impact adaptive immune memory, but also agents that shape ...

The new bivalent boosters against COVID-19 have failed to halt omicron infections. However, new technologies are being developed that pave a way forward. During the 1918 flu pandemic, white people ...