Get Instant Summarized Text (Gist) Researchers have developed a method to control atom ionization using optical vortex beams, which carry angular momentum. This approach allows precise ...

In 1899, German physicists Elster and Geitel were among the first to study air ionization, identifying how ions are formed in the atmosphere. Later research, particularly in the 1930s and 1950s ...

A team of researchers from the University of Ottawa has made significant strides in understanding the ionization of atoms and molecules, a fundamental ...

The covalent radius (a measure of how large individual atoms are) shows different trends if you are moving across a period or down a group. A comparison of the relative covalent radii of atoms is ...