The white spots are not caused by the braces but by poor oral hygiene. Enamel hypoplasia is when tooth enamel doesn’t form properly, causing it to be thin, pitted and more prone to cavities.

Ameloblasts: Specialized cells responsible for the formation of enamel on teeth. Enamel Hypoplasia: A developmental defect of enamel characterized by a reduction in the amount of enamel produced ...

My current graduate students are working on mass graves in Bosnia, malaria in orangutans, dental defects in hominoid teeth, skeletal biology of ancient remains from the Pacific Northwest Coast, and ...