The decision by developing countries to open up their economies to foreign trade and investment in the 1980s and 1990s was a momentous event in world history. How and why did this trade policy ...

Increasing within-country disparities have led policymakers to deploy public employment reallocation as a place-based policy tool to support struggling regions. This paper surveys the economics ...

The effects of macroprudential policy on portfolio flows vary considerably across the global financial cycle. A tighter ex-ante macroprudential stance amplifies the impact of global risk shocks on ...

We study racial and gender disparities in entrepreneurial activity through the lens of a Roy model, focusing on the distinction between idea generation and execution. Using nationally representative ...

In this paper, we compare the characteristics of real world financial contracts to their counterparts in financial contracting theory. We do so by conducting a detailed study of actual contracts ...

Science of Science Funding is an NBER initiative, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which seeks to improve understanding of effective methods of supporting scientific research. Its goal is ...

Despite a formal ‘no-bailout clause’, we estimate significant net present value transfers from the European Union to Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, ranging from roughly 0.5% (Ireland) to ...

There is no license agreement required for the NBER online service, however the working papers themselves are protected by copyright. Authors of NBER Working Papers ...

This paper examines technology sophistication in establishments. To comprehensively measure technology sophistication, we create a grid that covers key business functions and the technologies used to ...

These are preliminary drafts and may not have been subjected to the formal review process of the NBER. This page will be updated as the book is revised.

These are preliminary drafts and may not have been subjected to the formal review process of the NBER. This page will be updated as the book is revised.