In addition to the measurement symbols, one symbol you must always be aware of when using a multimeter is the Ground (GND) ...

Wanlass & Sah provide figures: From this point, the authors dive into the use of these new devices for low-power logic circuits that ... used bipolar transistors, diodes, resistors) were ...

Circuit simulations are great because you can ... The biggest omitted detail in the schematic symbol above is that there’s no power supply here, but you can guess that it is +/- 15V.