Currently, 1.1% - 6% of orthodontic treatment plans involve the extraction of a lower incisor [ 8 ]. The main indications for mandibular incisor extraction (MIE) include tooth size discrepancies, ...

The maxillary models were subjected to strict fixation restrictions, and the implants were considered fully osseointegrated. Two loading types were set in ANSYS Workbench 23.0: a vertical load of 300N ...

Vertical mandibular range of motion corresponded to the maximum interincisal opening and was measured with an endodontic ruler or a precision caliper between the incisal edge of the mandibular and ...